This report discusses the negative and positive aspects of aquaculture as an alternative to harvesting wild stocks of fish. The report defines aquaculture and describes its recent growth, as well as its ecological impact. Practices to sustain aquaculture operations, such as habitat modification and the use of wild-caught seedstock are discussed. Changes to ocean food webs, the introduction of...
This report addresses the conservation of freshwater ecosystems within the United States. A comparison of the pre-settlement and current conditions of U.S. freshwater resources is provided. Requirements for maintaining freshwater ecosystem physical and biotic components, such as flow patterns, sediment/organic inputs, temperature, light, chemical/nutrient conditions, and plant/animal assemblages...
A herd of alpine ibex (Capra ibex) struggles through deep snow. A recent study examined 45 years of census data for a population of alpine ibex in Gran Paradiso National Park in northwestern Italy. Researchers found that in the absence of natural predators and human hunting, density dependence and the severity of winter weather limit the population’s size. Severe winter weather affects populatio...
A juvenile Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) sits on its nest platform high in an old-growth Douglas fir. The Marbled Murrelet is an endangered seabird. A recent study used age-ratio analysis of museum specimens collected from 1892-1922 to measure long-term demographic changes in this species. Researchers compared the long-term demography with contemporary estimates and predictions from...
An adult male valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) perches on a leaf of its host plant, blue elderberry (Sambucus mexicana). Although classic metapopulations are thought to be uncommon in nature, this rare beetle displays characteristics of such a population dynamic: low local densities, discrete habitat patches, limited movements, and a strongly influenced of...